- milk expression and infant feeding - expression and feeding is safe and should continue - massage, correct positioning, frequent removal - avoid restrictive clothing / bra - analgesia - warm packs prior, cool packs after - paracetamol/NSAIDs - abx - cellulitis/fever/suspected abscess - abscess - needle aspiration +/- I&D - d/c advise - correct and frequent expression - analgesia - lactation consultation for technique **Risk factors** - incomplete drainage due to: - poor positioning and attachment - missed feeds or long intervals between feeds - tongue-tie - restrictive clothing/external pressure on the breast - trauma to breasts or nipples - engorgement and or chronic oversupply - unresolved blocked ducts or white spot on the nipple (blocked nipple pore) - rapid or abrupt weaning - stress, fatigue, overall poor health and nutrition - previous history of mastitis